1. VARIABLES:
A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each variable in C# has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory, the range of values that can be stored within that memory, and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
The basic value types provided in C# can be categorized as:
Integral types: sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, and char
Floating point types: float and double
Decimal types: decimal
Boolean types: true or false values, as assigned
Nullable types: Nullable data types
C# also allows defining other value types of variablesuch as enum and reference types of variablessuch as class, which we will cover in subsequent chapters.
*Defining Variables
Syntax for variable definition in C# is:
<data_type> <variable_list>;
Here, data_type must be a valid C# data type including char, int, float, double, or any user-defined data type, and variable_list may consist of one or more identifier names separated by commas.
Some valid variable definitions are shown here:
int i, j, k;
char c, ch;
float f, salary;
double d;
*Initializing Variables
Variables are initialized (assigned a value) with an equal sign followed by a constant expression. The general form of initialization is:
variable_name = value;
It is a good programming practice to initialize variables properly, otherwise sometimes program may produce unexpected result.
using System;
namespace VariableDefinition
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
short a;
int b ;
double c;
/* actual initialization */
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("a = {0}, b = {1}, c = {2}", a, b, c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
===========================================================
Output: a = 10, b = 20, c = 30
*Accepting Values from User : The Console class in the System namespace provides a function ReadLine() for accepting input from the user and store it into a variable.
For example,
int num;
num = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
The function Convert.ToInt32() converts the data entered by the user to int data type, because Console.ReadLine() accepts the data in string format.
Lvalue and Rvalue Expressions in C#:
There are two kinds of expressions in C#:
1. lvalue: An expression that is an lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.
2. rvalue: An expression that is an rvalue may appear on the right- but not left-hand side of an assignment.
* Variables are lvalues and hence they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and hence they may not be assigned and can not appear on the left-hand side. Following is a valid C# statement:
int g = 20;
But following is not a valid statement and would generate compile-time error:
10 = 20;
2. CONSTANTS AND LITERALS:
The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also enumeration constants as well.
The constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition.
Integer Literals
An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and no prefix id for decimal.
An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and long, respectively. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order.
Here are some examples of integer literals:
212 /* Legal */
215u /* Legal */
0xFeeL /* Legal */
078 /* Illegal: 8 is not an octal digit */
032UU /* Illegal: cannot repeat a suffix */
Following are other examples of various types of Integer literals:
85 /* decimal */
0213 /* octal */
0x4b /* hexadecimal */
30 /* int */
30u /* unsigned int */
30l /* long */
30ul /* unsigned long */
Floating-point Literals
A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form or exponential form.
Here are some examples of floating-point literals:
3.14159 /* Legal */
314159E-5L /* Legal */
510E /* Illegal: incomplete exponent */
210f /* Illegal: no decimal or exponent */
.e55 /* Illegal: missing integer or fraction */
While representing in decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the exponent, or both; and while representing using exponential form you must include the integer part, the fractional part, or both. The signed exponent is introduced by e or E.
Character Constants
Character literals are enclosed in single quotes. For example, 'x' and can be stored in a simple variable of char type. A character literal can be a plain character (such as 'x'), an escape sequence (such as '\t'), or a universal character (such as '\u02C0').
There are certain characters in C# when they are preceded by a backslash. They have special meaning and they are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t). Here, is a list of some of such escape sequence codes:
Escape sequence = Meaning
\\ = \ character
\' = ' character
\" = " character
\? = ? character
\a = Alert or bell
\b = Backspace
\f = Form feed
\n = Newline
\r = Carriage return
\t = Horizontal tab
\v = Vertical tab
\ooo = Octal number of one to three digits
\xhh . . . = Hexadecimal number of one or more digits
Following is the example to show few escape sequence characters:
using System;
namespace EscapeChar
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello\tWorld\n\n");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
============================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Hello World
String Literals
String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes "" or with @"". A string contains characters that are similar to character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.
You can break a long line into multiple lines using string literals and separating the parts using whitespaces.
Here are some examples of string literals. All the three forms are identical strings.
"hello, dear"
"hello, \
dear"
"hello, " "d" "ear"
@"hello dear"
Defining Constants
Constants are defined using the const keyword. Syntax for defining a constant is:
const <data_type> <constant_name> = value;
The following program demonstrates defining and using a constant in your program:
using System;
namespace DeclaringConstants
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
const double pi = 3.14159; // constant declaration
double r;
Console.WriteLine("Enter Radius: ");
r = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
double areaCircle = pi * r * r;
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0}, Area: {1}", r, areaCircle);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
Output: Enter Radius: 3
Radius: 3, Area: 28.27431
3. OPERATORS
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C# has rich set of built-in operators and provides the following type of operators:
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Misc Operators
This tutorial explains the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, and other operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
Following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by C#. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then: Operator Description Example
+ = Adds two operands ; A + B = 30
- = Subtracts second operand from the first ; A - B = -10
* = Multiplies both operands ; A * B = 200
/ = Divides numerator by de-numerator ; B / A = 2
% = Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division ; B % A = 0
++ = Increment operator increases integer value by one ; A++ = 11
-- = Decrement operator decreases integer value by one ; A-- = 9
The following example demonstrates all the arithmetic operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 21;
int b = 10;
int c;
c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a - b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a * b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a / b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a % b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 5 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a++;
Console.WriteLine("Line 6 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a--;
Console.WriteLine("Line 7 - Value of c is {0}", c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
===========================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 11
Line 3 - Value of c is 210
Line 4 - Value of c is 2
Line 5 - Value of c is 1
Line 6 - Value of c is 21
Line 7 - Value of c is 22
*Relational Operators
Following table shows all the relational operators supported by C#. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
Operator Description Example
1 == Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. (A == B) is not true.
2 != Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. (A != B) is true.
3 > Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A > B) is not true.
4 < Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A < B) is true.
5 >= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A >= B) is not true.
6 <= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A <= B) is true.
The following example demonstrates all the relational operators available in C#:
using System;
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 21;
int b = 10;
if (a == b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - a is equal to b");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - a is not equal to b");
}
if (a < b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - a is less than b");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - a is not less than b");
}
if (a > b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - a is greater than b");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - a is not greater than b");
}
/* Lets change value of a and b */
a = 5;
b = 20;
if (a <= b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to b");
}
if (b >= a)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 5-b is either greater than or equal to b");
}
}
}
===============================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not less than b
Line 3 - a is greater than b
Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to b
Line 5 - b is either greater than or equal to b
*Logical Operators:
Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C#. Assume variable A holds Boolean value true and variable B holds Boolean value false, then:
Operator Description Example
1 && Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non zero then condition becomes true. (A && B) is false.
2 || Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non zero then condition becomes true. (A || B) is true.
3 ! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false. !(A && B) is true.
The following example demonstrates all the logical operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
bool a = true;
bool b = true;
if (a && b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - Condition is true");
}
if (a || b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - Condition is true");
}
/* lets change the value of a and b */
a = false;
b = true;
if (a && b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Condition is true");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Condition is not true");
}
if (!(a && b))
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - Condition is true");
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
Output : Line 1 - Condition is true
Line 2 - Condition is true
Line 3 - Condition is not true
Line 4 - Condition is true
*Bitwise Operators:
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit by bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13, then in the binary format they are as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by C# are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then:
Operator Description Example
1 & Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
(A & B) = 12, which is 0000 1100
2 | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
(A | B) = 61, which is 0011 1101
3 ^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
(A ^ B) = 49, which is 0011 0001
4 ~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
(~A ) = 61, which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement due to a signed binary number.
5 << Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A << 2 = 240, which is 1111 0000
6 >> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A >> 2 = 15, which is 0000 1111
The following example demonstrates all the bitwise operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
int c = 0;
c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - Value of c is {0}", c );
c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = ~a; /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a << 2; /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 5 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a >> 2; /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 6 - Value of c is {0}", c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
=============================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15
*Assignment Operators:
There are following assignment operators supported by C#:
Operator Description Example
1 = Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand
C = A + B assigns value of A + B into C
2 += Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
3 -= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A
4 *= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
5 /= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
6 %= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
7<<= Left shift AND assignment operator
C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
8 >>= Right shift AND assignment operator
C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
9 &= Bitwise AND assignment operator
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
10 ^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator
C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
11 |=
bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator
C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
The following example demonstrates all the assignment operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 21;
int c;
c = a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - = Value of c = {0}", c);
c += a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - += Value of c = {0}", c);
c -= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - -= Value of c = {0}", c);
c *= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - *= Value of c = {0}", c);
c /= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 5 - /= Value of c = {0}", c);
c = 200;
c %= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 6 - %= Value of c = {0}", c);
c <<= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 7 - <<= Value of c = {0}", c);
c >>= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 8 - >>= Value of c = {0}", c);
c &= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 9 - &= Value of c = {0}", c);
c ^= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 10 - ^= Value of c = {0}", c);
c |= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 11 - |= Value of c = {0}", c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - = Value of c = 21
Line 2 - += Value of c = 42
Line 3 - -= Value of c = 21
Line 4 - *= Value of c = 441
Line 5 - /= Value of c = 21
Line 6 - %= Value of c = 11
Line 7 - <<= Value of c = 44
Line 8 - >>= Value of c = 11
Line 9 - &= Value of c = 2
Line 10 - ^= Value of c = 0
Line 11 - |= Value of c = 2
*Miscillaneous Operators:
There are few other important operators including sizeof, typeof and ? : supported by C#.
Operator Description Example
1 sizeof() : Returns the size of a data type. sizeof(int), returns 4.
2 typeof() : Returns the type of a class. typeof(StreamReader);
3 & : Returns the address of an variable. &a; returns actual address of the variable.
4 * : Pointer to a variable. *a; creates pointer named ‘a’ to a variable.
5 ? : : Conditional Expression If Condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value Y
6 is : Determines whether an object is of a certain type.
If( Ford is Car) // checks if Ford is an object of the Car class.
7 as : Cast without raising an exception if the cast fails.
Object obj = new StringReader("Hello");
StringReader r = obj as StringReader;
The following example demonstrates all the assignment operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
/* example of sizeof operator */
Console.WriteLine("The size of int is {0}", sizeof(int));
Console.WriteLine("The size of short is {0}", sizeof(short));
Console.WriteLine("The size of double is {0}", sizeof(double));
/* example of ternary operator */
int a, b;
a = 10;
b = (a == 1) ? 20 : 30;
Console.WriteLine("Value of b is {0}", b);
b = (a == 10) ? 20 : 30;
Console.WriteLine("Value of b is {0}", b);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
The size of int is 4
The size of short is 2
The size of double is 8
Value of b is 30
Value of b is 20
*Operator Precedence in C#:
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects evaluation of an expression. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.
For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so the first evaluation takes place for 3*2 and then 7 is added into it.
Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators are evaluated first.
Category Operator Associativity
Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative * / % Left to right
Additive + - Left to right
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right
The following example demonstrates all the assignment operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
Console.WriteLine("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : {0}", e);
e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
Console.WriteLine("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : {0}", e);
e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)
Console.WriteLine("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : {0}", e);
e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)
Console.WriteLine("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : {0}", e);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
===============================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50
==========================================================
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A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each variable in C# has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory, the range of values that can be stored within that memory, and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.
The basic value types provided in C# can be categorized as:
Integral types: sbyte, byte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, ulong, and char
Floating point types: float and double
Decimal types: decimal
Boolean types: true or false values, as assigned
Nullable types: Nullable data types
C# also allows defining other value types of variablesuch as enum and reference types of variablessuch as class, which we will cover in subsequent chapters.
*Defining Variables
Syntax for variable definition in C# is:
<data_type> <variable_list>;
Here, data_type must be a valid C# data type including char, int, float, double, or any user-defined data type, and variable_list may consist of one or more identifier names separated by commas.
Some valid variable definitions are shown here:
int i, j, k;
char c, ch;
float f, salary;
double d;
*Initializing Variables
Variables are initialized (assigned a value) with an equal sign followed by a constant expression. The general form of initialization is:
variable_name = value;
It is a good programming practice to initialize variables properly, otherwise sometimes program may produce unexpected result.
using System;
namespace VariableDefinition
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
short a;
int b ;
double c;
/* actual initialization */
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("a = {0}, b = {1}, c = {2}", a, b, c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
===========================================================
Output: a = 10, b = 20, c = 30
*Accepting Values from User : The Console class in the System namespace provides a function ReadLine() for accepting input from the user and store it into a variable.
For example,
int num;
num = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
The function Convert.ToInt32() converts the data entered by the user to int data type, because Console.ReadLine() accepts the data in string format.
Lvalue and Rvalue Expressions in C#:
There are two kinds of expressions in C#:
1. lvalue: An expression that is an lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.
2. rvalue: An expression that is an rvalue may appear on the right- but not left-hand side of an assignment.
* Variables are lvalues and hence they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and hence they may not be assigned and can not appear on the left-hand side. Following is a valid C# statement:
int g = 20;
But following is not a valid statement and would generate compile-time error:
10 = 20;
2. CONSTANTS AND LITERALS:
The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also enumeration constants as well.
The constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition.
Integer Literals
An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the base or radix: 0x or 0X for hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and no prefix id for decimal.
An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and long, respectively. The suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order.
Here are some examples of integer literals:
212 /* Legal */
215u /* Legal */
0xFeeL /* Legal */
078 /* Illegal: 8 is not an octal digit */
032UU /* Illegal: cannot repeat a suffix */
Following are other examples of various types of Integer literals:
85 /* decimal */
0213 /* octal */
0x4b /* hexadecimal */
30 /* int */
30u /* unsigned int */
30l /* long */
30ul /* unsigned long */
Floating-point Literals
A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. You can represent floating point literals either in decimal form or exponential form.
Here are some examples of floating-point literals:
3.14159 /* Legal */
314159E-5L /* Legal */
510E /* Illegal: incomplete exponent */
210f /* Illegal: no decimal or exponent */
.e55 /* Illegal: missing integer or fraction */
While representing in decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the exponent, or both; and while representing using exponential form you must include the integer part, the fractional part, or both. The signed exponent is introduced by e or E.
Character Constants
Character literals are enclosed in single quotes. For example, 'x' and can be stored in a simple variable of char type. A character literal can be a plain character (such as 'x'), an escape sequence (such as '\t'), or a universal character (such as '\u02C0').
There are certain characters in C# when they are preceded by a backslash. They have special meaning and they are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t). Here, is a list of some of such escape sequence codes:
Escape sequence = Meaning
\\ = \ character
\' = ' character
\" = " character
\? = ? character
\a = Alert or bell
\b = Backspace
\f = Form feed
\n = Newline
\r = Carriage return
\t = Horizontal tab
\v = Vertical tab
\ooo = Octal number of one to three digits
\xhh . . . = Hexadecimal number of one or more digits
Following is the example to show few escape sequence characters:
using System;
namespace EscapeChar
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello\tWorld\n\n");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
============================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Hello World
String Literals
String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes "" or with @"". A string contains characters that are similar to character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.
You can break a long line into multiple lines using string literals and separating the parts using whitespaces.
Here are some examples of string literals. All the three forms are identical strings.
"hello, dear"
"hello, \
dear"
"hello, " "d" "ear"
@"hello dear"
Defining Constants
Constants are defined using the const keyword. Syntax for defining a constant is:
const <data_type> <constant_name> = value;
The following program demonstrates defining and using a constant in your program:
using System;
namespace DeclaringConstants
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
const double pi = 3.14159; // constant declaration
double r;
Console.WriteLine("Enter Radius: ");
r = Convert.ToDouble(Console.ReadLine());
double areaCircle = pi * r * r;
Console.WriteLine("Radius: {0}, Area: {1}", r, areaCircle);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
Output: Enter Radius: 3
Radius: 3, Area: 28.27431
3. OPERATORS
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C# has rich set of built-in operators and provides the following type of operators:
Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Misc Operators
This tutorial explains the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, and other operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
Following table shows all the arithmetic operators supported by C#. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then: Operator Description Example
+ = Adds two operands ; A + B = 30
- = Subtracts second operand from the first ; A - B = -10
* = Multiplies both operands ; A * B = 200
/ = Divides numerator by de-numerator ; B / A = 2
% = Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division ; B % A = 0
++ = Increment operator increases integer value by one ; A++ = 11
-- = Decrement operator decreases integer value by one ; A-- = 9
The following example demonstrates all the arithmetic operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 21;
int b = 10;
int c;
c = a + b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a - b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a * b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a / b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a % b;
Console.WriteLine("Line 5 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a++;
Console.WriteLine("Line 6 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a--;
Console.WriteLine("Line 7 - Value of c is {0}", c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
===========================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 11
Line 3 - Value of c is 210
Line 4 - Value of c is 2
Line 5 - Value of c is 1
Line 6 - Value of c is 21
Line 7 - Value of c is 22
*Relational Operators
Following table shows all the relational operators supported by C#. Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
Operator Description Example
1 == Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. (A == B) is not true.
2 != Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true. (A != B) is true.
3 > Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A > B) is not true.
4 < Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A < B) is true.
5 >= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A >= B) is not true.
6 <= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true. (A <= B) is true.
The following example demonstrates all the relational operators available in C#:
using System;
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 21;
int b = 10;
if (a == b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - a is equal to b");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - a is not equal to b");
}
if (a < b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - a is less than b");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - a is not less than b");
}
if (a > b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - a is greater than b");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - a is not greater than b");
}
/* Lets change value of a and b */
a = 5;
b = 20;
if (a <= b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to b");
}
if (b >= a)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 5-b is either greater than or equal to b");
}
}
}
===============================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not less than b
Line 3 - a is greater than b
Line 4 - a is either less than or equal to b
Line 5 - b is either greater than or equal to b
*Logical Operators:
Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C#. Assume variable A holds Boolean value true and variable B holds Boolean value false, then:
Operator Description Example
1 && Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non zero then condition becomes true. (A && B) is false.
2 || Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non zero then condition becomes true. (A || B) is true.
3 ! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false. !(A && B) is true.
The following example demonstrates all the logical operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
bool a = true;
bool b = true;
if (a && b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - Condition is true");
}
if (a || b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - Condition is true");
}
/* lets change the value of a and b */
a = false;
b = true;
if (a && b)
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Condition is true");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Condition is not true");
}
if (!(a && b))
{
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - Condition is true");
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
Output : Line 1 - Condition is true
Line 2 - Condition is true
Line 3 - Condition is not true
Line 4 - Condition is true
*Bitwise Operators:
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit by bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:
Assume if A = 60; and B = 13, then in the binary format they are as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------
A&B = 0000 1100
A|B = 0011 1101
A^B = 0011 0001
~A = 1100 0011
The Bitwise operators supported by C# are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then:
Operator Description Example
1 & Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
(A & B) = 12, which is 0000 1100
2 | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
(A | B) = 61, which is 0011 1101
3 ^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
(A ^ B) = 49, which is 0011 0001
4 ~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
(~A ) = 61, which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement due to a signed binary number.
5 << Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A << 2 = 240, which is 1111 0000
6 >> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A >> 2 = 15, which is 0000 1111
The following example demonstrates all the bitwise operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
int c = 0;
c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - Value of c is {0}", c );
c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = ~a; /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a << 2; /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 5 - Value of c is {0}", c);
c = a >> 2; /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
Console.WriteLine("Line 6 - Value of c is {0}", c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
=============================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15
*Assignment Operators:
There are following assignment operators supported by C#:
Operator Description Example
1 = Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand
C = A + B assigns value of A + B into C
2 += Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
3 -= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A
4 *= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
5 /= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
6 %= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
7<<= Left shift AND assignment operator
C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
8 >>= Right shift AND assignment operator
C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
9 &= Bitwise AND assignment operator
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
10 ^= bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator
C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
11 |=
bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator
C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2
The following example demonstrates all the assignment operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 21;
int c;
c = a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 1 - = Value of c = {0}", c);
c += a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 2 - += Value of c = {0}", c);
c -= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 3 - -= Value of c = {0}", c);
c *= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 4 - *= Value of c = {0}", c);
c /= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 5 - /= Value of c = {0}", c);
c = 200;
c %= a;
Console.WriteLine("Line 6 - %= Value of c = {0}", c);
c <<= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 7 - <<= Value of c = {0}", c);
c >>= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 8 - >>= Value of c = {0}", c);
c &= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 9 - &= Value of c = {0}", c);
c ^= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 10 - ^= Value of c = {0}", c);
c |= 2;
Console.WriteLine("Line 11 - |= Value of c = {0}", c);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Line 1 - = Value of c = 21
Line 2 - += Value of c = 42
Line 3 - -= Value of c = 21
Line 4 - *= Value of c = 441
Line 5 - /= Value of c = 21
Line 6 - %= Value of c = 11
Line 7 - <<= Value of c = 44
Line 8 - >>= Value of c = 11
Line 9 - &= Value of c = 2
Line 10 - ^= Value of c = 0
Line 11 - |= Value of c = 2
*Miscillaneous Operators:
There are few other important operators including sizeof, typeof and ? : supported by C#.
Operator Description Example
1 sizeof() : Returns the size of a data type. sizeof(int), returns 4.
2 typeof() : Returns the type of a class. typeof(StreamReader);
3 & : Returns the address of an variable. &a; returns actual address of the variable.
4 * : Pointer to a variable. *a; creates pointer named ‘a’ to a variable.
5 ? : : Conditional Expression If Condition is true ? Then value X : Otherwise value Y
6 is : Determines whether an object is of a certain type.
If( Ford is Car) // checks if Ford is an object of the Car class.
7 as : Cast without raising an exception if the cast fails.
Object obj = new StringReader("Hello");
StringReader r = obj as StringReader;
The following example demonstrates all the assignment operators available in C#:
using System;
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
/* example of sizeof operator */
Console.WriteLine("The size of int is {0}", sizeof(int));
Console.WriteLine("The size of short is {0}", sizeof(short));
Console.WriteLine("The size of double is {0}", sizeof(double));
/* example of ternary operator */
int a, b;
a = 10;
b = (a == 1) ? 20 : 30;
Console.WriteLine("Value of b is {0}", b);
b = (a == 10) ? 20 : 30;
Console.WriteLine("Value of b is {0}", b);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
==================================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
The size of int is 4
The size of short is 2
The size of double is 8
Value of b is 30
Value of b is 20
*Operator Precedence in C#:
Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects evaluation of an expression. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator.
For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so the first evaluation takes place for 3*2 and then 7 is added into it.
Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators are evaluated first.
Category Operator Associativity
Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative * / % Left to right
Additive + - Left to right
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Bitwise AND & Left to right
Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
Bitwise OR | Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
Comma , Left to right
The following example demonstrates all the assignment operators available in C#:
namespace OperatorsAppl
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int a = 20;
int b = 10;
int c = 15;
int d = 5;
int e;
e = (a + b) * c / d; // ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
Console.WriteLine("Value of (a + b) * c / d is : {0}", e);
e = ((a + b) * c) / d; // (30 * 15 ) / 5
Console.WriteLine("Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : {0}", e);
e = (a + b) * (c / d); // (30) * (15/5)
Console.WriteLine("Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : {0}", e);
e = a + (b * c) / d; // 20 + (150/5)
Console.WriteLine("Value of a + (b * c) / d is : {0}", e);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
===============================================
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Value of (a + b) * c / d is : 90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is : 90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is : 90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is : 50
==========================================================
 |
| RAJ KUMAR (Software Engg) |
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